Control Of Sexually Transmitted Infections Health And Social Care Essay

Control Of in impressalityually Transmitted Infections well(p)ness And Social C ar EssayThe purpose of this report is to depression discuss the exoteric wellness squeeze of STIs, followed by the approaches to their carry/ streak in the UK. Unfortunately the public wellness impact of STIs is oppose as it causes or contributes to ill-wellness. In the UK and former(a) parts of the innovation, STIs pose rattling(a) challenges for the public wellness which may be individual well- existence, mental health or the burden on health costs. Focus of this paper go forth be in the main on venereal Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, lues venerea, human immunodeficiency virus/ aid, and Human papillary tumour virus (HPV genital warts) amongst different STIs due(p) to the reported mellow rates of tarnishion. familiarly genic transmission systems affect raft of all develops with the greatest occurrence amongst those on a lower floor the age of 25 years (Nicoll, 1999 Johnson, 200 1). In the UK, certain companys of existences are touch more than than another(prenominal)s thus creating internal health inequalities. Primary and subaltern syphilis occurs more often in the African community than it does in the dust coat community. eruption is reported more commonly among some ethnic minorities time Chlamydia transmission system rates are disproportionately high in the to a lower place 25s. Data on ethnic differences in behaviour and infection faculty are meagre and the observed differences are non accounted for. P all overty could be attributable to the high incidence rates in the ethnic minorities as STIs are more common in ethnic minorities than among the white bulk which might too be a link between an development put on the line and belonging to a minority population. In 2004, women aged 16-24 accounted for 74% of all Chlamydia diagnoses in the UK (anonymous). Chlamydia rate of infectivity at national level for un tried and true great deal a ged 15-24 is one in nine shop ating the level of sexual activity in that company (NHS, n.d).The conquest of the majority of contractable illness has been one of the main successes of modern medicine. The diseases have presented the highest causes of mortality and morbidity prior the twentieth century. Until the mid(prenominal) twentieth century in Britain, in particular for women, the pleasures of sex were tempered by the dangers of poor health and amicable knocked out(p)comes. However, with the reading of modern antibiotics and efficient vaccines, communicable diseases menace has close toly been contained and remarkably sex became safer.Although sex became safer, STIs rates have largely increased in one-year-old years in the UK predominantly from unsafe sex practices arising from various factors equal sexual risk behaviours and poor infection verify. They have become a major public health concern as highlighted in the field of study Strategy for Sexual Health and HIV (Department of Health, 2001). The 16-24 year age host comprising of only 25% of the sexually active population but with the largest diagnosing of STI cases of about 50% of smartly acquired infections. Control of STIs is complicated since many of them are asymptomatic. The sparing impact caused by STIs is huge on health do with high costs mostly experience in the management of infection complications in women. However, older women and men are also at risk especially those entering into unused relationships aft(prenominal) breaking up from a long-standing relationship. Hence on that point is ample requirement for protecting, supporting and restoring sexual health in people.Public Health Impact of Sexually Transmitted infections in the UKHistory lues venerea and gonorrhoea records have been collected for more than 80 years. In England, Wales and Scotland, diagnosis of syphilis and gonorrhoea was recorded highest in 1946, which coincided with the advent back of the armed forces after World War II (Figure 1). A sharp drop was subsequently detected and was linked to the use of penicillin and the re-establishment of mixer stability.Figure 1 Numbers of diagnoses of syphilis ( special, secondary and early latent) by sex, GUM clinics, England, Wales and Scotland*, 1931 2003.*Corresponding Scotland and Ireland data are excluded as they are non complete from 1925 to 2003.Source KC60 statutory returns and ISD(D) 5 data.During the sixties and seventies, at that place was a stable rise in STIs diagnosis owing to more relaxed mind-sets to sexual behaviour. There was an upsurge in cases of Syphilis in males, epoch in women the subprogram of cases continued to be stable. This implied sex among men during that time off out to be the main route of transmission (CDC, 1999). Yet an increase in diagnosis was recorded in both males and females for gonorrhoea, genital warts and genital herpes signifying that these infections were acquired during hete liftxual sex . Probably the rise in a fiddling number of the STIs could have resulted from enhanced symptomatic sensitivity or public sentiency, adding to higher rates of infectivity.However, in the early eighties, HIV and AIDS were root reported which supposedly had considerable effect on other estimable STIs. A brisk drop of syphilis and gonorrhoea diagnosis was experienced in early to mid- eighties. This happened simultaneously with the widespread AIDS coverage of embracing of safer sex behaviours, and resulted in a subsequent decline in transmission of HIV amongst male homosexuals (Bosch, 1995).Sexually Transmitted Infections TrendsSince 1999 to mid 2004, cases of Chlamydia infection rose by 108%, gonorrhoea by 87% and infectious syphilis by 486%. Still the young people bear the greatest burden. In 2001, women d sustainstairs 20 years of age had reported cases of 42% from gonorrhoea and 36% of Chlamydia. As reported by the Department of Health (DH), diagnosis of hot STIs and other STI diagnosed cases in the UK such as re-infections made in genitourinary medicine clinics (GUM) showed a gradual rise in 1999-2008. The introduction of the issue Chlamydia coating Programme (NCSP) in 2003 and other health screens in England, Wales and Federal Ireland and in 2005 in Scotland resulted in an increase of sexual health screens from 759,770 to 1,219,308. For the corresponding period, on that point was an increase of HIV tests recorded from 520,278 to 951,148. In 2008, uncomplicated infections from Chlamydia, syphilis, genital warts, and genital herpes rose considerably from 1999. Yet for the same year, cases of new diagnosis of gonorrhoea and syphilis were reported to have dropped.The National play along of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (NATSSAL) identified sexual behaviour as the risk of acquiring an STI in the young age groups. The factors included lower age at time of having sexual intercourse for the first time, partners frequently convertd, increased likelihoo d of macrocosm involved with concurrent partnerships, irregular use of condoms and the increased chances of being involved with a partner from a high-risk area of the world other than UK (Hughes, 2000 Johnson, 2001, Mueller, 2008 Skinner, 2010). However, the young people act as a onus group for the risk of onward transmission to other groups. Thus prevention should be mostly targeted at this core group which would result in economic benefits.Literature ReviewSexually ancestral infections still handle a major toll on the human population in the UK and other nations worldwide. Bacterial and protozoan infections are curable with antimicrobial therapy, while viral infections are treatable but not curable in the simple sense. STIs can cause immediate pain and suffering, profound psycho cordial stress, and serious, long-term health consequences. Many STIs are asymptomatic, and surveillance systems to track STIs are incomplete in developed and developing countries. STIs have been show n to be all- classical(prenominal) cofactors in HIV transmission (Fleming, 1999). New approaches to STI control and prevention are needed to stretch the spread of infection and minimize associated suffering.ChlamydiaChlamydia trachomatis is the most widespread bacterial pathogen transmitted through infected secretions and mucous membranes of urethra, cervix, rectum, conjunctivae and throat following unprotected sexual come home with an infected partner. In addition, an infected mother can infect her baby during vaginal delivery. It is the most commonly diagnosed STI in individuals under 25 years in the UK (Fenton, et al, 2001 Creighton, et al, 2003). Most people infected with Chlamydia show no symptoms until a diagnostic test is performed and in most cases they do not seek medical care. Thus, in those individuals affected by the disease, if efficient and effective health measures are not administered, the STI has the potential of causing a significant amount of health complicati ons to womens well-being including infertility and pelvic inflammatory disease (Golden, et al, 2000 Garnett, 2008). There is also greater risk in those with recurring infection and untreated infections to spread to other reproductive organs resulting in continuing pelvic pains (La Montagne, et al, 2007). The number of diagnosed episodes of Chlamydia infection has been rising over the historic 10 years (Figure 1). Furthermore, the economic impact of Chlamydia infections on the health service is enormous with high cost in the management of female health complications arising from Chlamydia infection (Garside, 2001). Because of the impact of Chlamydia infection on the health of young people, it is important to identify and treat infected tolerants and their partners and as a result cut down the burden of the disease on the people and health systems.Figure 1 Rates of genital Chlamydia infection by sex and age group (1995 2004).Source Health Protection Agency, LondonIn men Chlamydia infection causes epididymo-orchitis and urethritis. Also rectal pain, discharge and bleeding occur from proctitis which is from infection of the rectal mucosa. Additionally, since the incubation phase of gonorrhoea is less than that of Chlamydia, individuals can develop dysuria after their treatment for gonorrhoea causing postgonococcal urethritis.HIV/AIDSIn intimately three decades, ever since HIV was first identified, HIV infection has turned out to be a deadly disease and has caused a unreassuring adversity to humans, in almost all areas of life. In the early eighties, when the first few cases of AIDS were reported, few might have realised its desire to become a global public health problem. The UK is facing a sexual health crisis. Between 1999 and 2002, HIV prevalence rose by about 20% annually, and almost a third of HIV-positive individuals did not hump their HIV status (HPA, n.d.). Furthermore, the increase in rates of HIV infections could be brought about by the rise in STI incidences in the public as already highlighted in this paper. The number of newly diagnosed cases of HIV increased by 55% from 2000 to 2002 (DH, n.d.). In 2004, a minimum of 49 000 individuals had HIV in England. In the late 1980s and early 1990s in the UK thither was a significant drop in STIs figures in reaction to the certifiedness campaigns on HIV.The disturbing extent of its increase, infection, very long incubation phase, secondary susceptibility of spread and the absence of a vaccine to prevent it calls for the growth of comprehensive information about the disease. Currently AIDS prevention mainly relies on health education and behavioural modifications based on AIDS awareness, predominantly in the high risk group of young people.GonorrhoeaGonorrhoea infection is caused by an organism, Neisseria gonorrhoeae (N. gonorrhoeae) which is highly infectious and a bacterial sexually transmitted pathogen. In heterosexuals, its occurrence is associated with age (90%) asymptomat ic in the rectum and oropharynx in both women and men (Hook, 1999 Knox, 2002). In the GUM clinics and various health services, testing for N. gonorrhoeae is a core factor of screening for STIs. Although there is not much evidence to direct testing, every mucosal site correlative with the disease symptoms ought to be tested for infection (Barlow, 1978 Harry, 1997 CDC, 2002 Ghanem, 2004 Bergen, 2006). Screening measures are essential to an individuals sexual history and repeat screening may be advance (Miller, 2003). Gonorrhoea incidence falls by 11% in the UK The number of new gonorrhoea infections in the United Kingdom fell from 18 649 in 2007 to 16 629 in 2008, the lowest number recorded since 1999.SyphilisSyphilis is caused by infection from Teponema pallidum subspecies pallidum, is a mucocutaneous STI with high infectivity the early infectious stages. It may also be transmitted through the placenta in pregnant women from week nine of gestation onwards. Screening is recommended for all asymptomatic diligents attending GUM clinic or those attending other health services are referred appropriately (Nicoll, 2002). Incidence of syphilis also showed a 4% fall, from 2633 in 2007 to 2524 in 2008, (HPA, n.d). Over the last year, there has been almost three times the number of heterosexual cases of syphilis in south London than were diagnosed in 2001 (25 in 2001, 72 in 2002 and over 40 cases in the first five months of this year) (HPA, 2008).Human Papilloma VirusThe spread of genital HPV is normally spread during intimate, skin to skin or sexual contact. It is also asymptomatic and can be dormant for years. HPV high risk strains are 16, 18, 31, 33 and 45, which are potential to increase the luck of getting cervical malignant neoplastic disease. These strains exist in nearly every charr with cancer of the cervix. Although HPV testing is still not regularly devilible, the National Health Service is considering it to be included in the screening programme of cance r of the cervix. Women who test positive for high risk types of HPV are more potential to need treatment for b coiffeline or mildly abnormal cervical smears. Although in ninety percent of HPV cases, clearance of the virus occurs naturally in spite of appearance two years. Yet, continued use of condoms may possibly facilitate in lowering the risk of infection from genital HPV. Infection from HVP is now being prevented through administration of vaccines for types of HPV that causes cervical cancer. The Gardasil and Cervarix cervical cancer vaccines were licensed in the UK in 2007.However, the genital warts strains 6 and 11 which can be diagnosed by inspecting the genital area of an individual and are usually in the form of small (or large) bump or groups of bumps. They normally develop within weeks or months following sexual contact with an infected partner who might be asymptomatic. Sometimes if treatment is not administered, they might disappear, or remain unmoved and not cancerou s.Approaches to prevention and Control of sexually transmitted infectionsThe health of the people and the social and economic success of the UK are extremely connected. The furbish upd economic and social costs to public health are enormous and outperform UKs future. Marmots (2010) six recommendations further support the prevention and control of STIs in UKs population. In two of the six recommendations he states that, enabling all children, young people and adults to maximise their capabilities and have control over their lives and that of strengthening the role and impact of ill-health excellent well-being over their lives. It is vital that UKs population is educated on sexual health issues so that they are able to make well informed sex decisions that contribute to their well-being and reducing the burden caused by STIs. Marmots report further emphasised other research cook (Picket Wilkinson, 2009) that it is not only the poor who suffer from the effects of inequality, but th e majority of the population. richly priority should therefore be given to the integration of STI control measures into primary health care. The worldwide interest in and resources committed to preventing AIDS pass on a unique opportunity for health workers to make considerable communicate in controlling the other STIs.Sexually transmitted infection control programmes have been and will continue to be the most prominent in public health management and have been at an increase since the mid nineties with rates of unwanted pregnancies still being reported to be high. Strategies to prevent transmission of organisms spread by intimate human contact must remain flexible and adapt to the social, technical, clinical, financial and political realities. A strategy of primary prevention, based on sexual behavioural change combined with the provision of adequate clinical services, is vital for the control of STI. In response to the re-emergence of these diseases in the UK, it was decided b y the Department of Health to clear for the first time ever STD clinics across the country to help reduce the burden of the STIs. These clinics are staffed with a multidisciplinary group of specialists that offer sexual health services to different age groups of the community.Given the unequal burden of STIs for young people, it is imperative to ascertain effective prevention programmes. Although enhancing access to Chlamydia testing has been an important and urgent focus of Chlamydia awareness programmes and has led to renewed efforts to increase access to Chlamydia testing (WHO, 2001 Santer 2000 Santer, 2003). As more people including this identified group check over their Chlamydia status, and in recognition of the long latent period of the disease in front symptoms prevail, factors related to Chlamydia awareness remain crucial to identify in order to design comprehensive Chlamydia management services that meet the needs of the population at risk of infection (Brabin, et al, 2 009).A study by Shiely, et al (2009) showed that in Ireland, age specific behavioural interventions could be effective by targeting increased use of condoms to decrease STI incidences. Also in order to ascension condom use, a 5% reduction from 13.5% in taxation on condoms could be implemented at policy level. Other studies also revealed age as a risk factor for STI transmission and to that regard there should be enhanced sex education progression to the target group to enhance behavioural changes (Manhart, et al, 2004 Fenton, et al, 2005). A further study also showed that diagnosis of a viral STI was not associated with multiple partners but however it was accomplishable for females who had more than one sexual partner to be more likely to use protection since they will be more experienced and aware of STI infection (Fenton, et al, 2005).Although condom use has increased in prevalence almost everywhere, but rates remain low in the UK and many other developing countries. The huge variation indicates mainly social and economic determinants of sexual behaviour, which have implications for intervention. Although individual behaviour change is central to improving sexual health, efforts are also needed to address the broader determinants of sexual behaviour, particularly those that relate to the social context. The evidence from behavioural interventions is that no general approach to sexual-health promotion will work everywhere and no single-component intervention will work anywhere. Comprehensive behavioural interventions are needed that take account of the social context in mounting individual-level programmes, attempt to modify social norms to support uptake and maintenance of behaviour change, and tackle the structural factors that contribute to big sexual behaviour.Accomplishing excellent sexual health for the population of the UK has always created its own distinctive challenges. Meagre sexual health is often disproportionately impacting on those who are already at risk and experiencing inequalities, for instance the young people, bare and minority ethnic groups, those in lower socio-economic class, and gay men. While there has been so much public health interest and commitment of resources to preventing AIDS, an opportunity exists for health workers to make significant progress in the control of other STIs as well. Thus the need for comprehensive behavioural interventions that would tackle the social context for individual-level programmes, support and sustainability of behavioural change, and the structural factors that is contributory to uncollectible sexual behaviour.The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) suggested the need for health professionals to identify individuals at higher risk of becoming infected with STIs, ascertained by ones sexual history, and organize one to one talks to minimise the risk of infection. However, the sexual health guidance recommends a variety of dowry for assessing ri sk of infections which include opportunities where a health professional discusses with a patient contraception, abortion or pregnancy or when conducting cervical smear test, large an STI test, giving travel immunisation, and during regular care or a new registration by a patient. Any individual identified to be at high risk of getting infected, should be referred to trained health worker for one-to-one talks in an attempt to minimise risky behaviour. Additionally for those who have been tested positive, should be assisted in having their partners tested and treated.Responsibility for the National Chlamydia Screening Programme (NCSP) was taken over in 2005 by the Health Protection Agency from the Department of Health. Screening is conducted in various locations across the UK, the main ones being youth services, community cautionary services, general practices, education premises (universities or colleges). Statistics for the programme have revealed that more women are getting scre ened than men, while an increased number of men are testing positive. Efforts are still being made in most areas to attempt to tackle this variance in trying to reach out to the young men. More partnership work is required to tackle the variances including that of religious offering screening in health clubs such as gyms and boxing clubs. Although diagnostic testing in sexual health has now been increasingly speedy and easier for patients and the staff, it is crucial that care was personalised especially when engaging with a health worker. Since STIs are prevalent in both asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals, due to their behaviour, diagnosis, management and follow up require skilled and trained individuals. If a health worker is adequately trained and has knowledge of STIs, it helps in preparing the patient for an STI test and understanding the effects if the test was to be positive.

Management Of Change Within Mcdoanlds Restaurant Business Essay

Management Of limiting Within Mcdoanlds Restaurant Business EssayMcDonalds is the worlds largest firm victuals cooking stove serving more(prenominal) than eight million customers daily. It starts its execution of instrument by prominent franchise right, affiliated companionship and starting its own unit. Source of tax generations ar rent, royalties received from franchise or sales units operated by McDonalds. briny products of McDonalds be hamburger, chicken, cheese burger, break fast item, soft drinks and deserts. It is rapidly festering governance it generated 9% more net income in 2007 than the year 2006. In inn to stick up its sell in the market and make company more profitable McDonalds is focusing to take aim some mixtures.It is ut approximately precedency of e really system of rules that it should improve itself in order to streng whence its capabilities and sustain its emulous advantage. It strives for the attainment of this utilisation in class of i ntroducing vary heed in the brass instrument. In order to remain in the market with luxuriant potential commission of the organization and lower staff essential be ready to bring the convince because environment is dynamic and it is rapidly changing and traffices atomic number 18 going to be complex. It is necessary for the organizations to bring switchs to operate and observe itself competitive in this dynamic environment. Business world is continuously changing and saucy technologies and innovative products have been introduced on daily basis and most of the organizations be accepting theses permute even they are non automatic to accept. It is because of transfigure goods, multifariousnesss bring improvement. When a person accept channelise and fight up with qualifyings and equipped himself / herself therefore he/ she becomes contrasting from some other(a). His worth exceeds than that of the person who does non keep himself / herself up to date. If a ny employee enhances his/ her skill with smartly technology, his/ her qualification increase, weed perform better than previous, increase the productivity of the organization. Thats why it has been sight in the most of the organizations that they adopt transplants quickly because they understand the worth of diversify. They smack to equip their employees with modern technology as their exercise gets improved. intensify is really important for ever soy organization. Companies and business adopt change and incorporate it in their organization for fulfilling the take of suppliers and customers and to remain competitive in market. We digest plant change as instruction execution of new activity the main purpose of that activity is to enhance the productivity by applying new policies and procedures. reassign instruction appendage and change death penalty has different strategies to change, so the change process is very complex and comprehensive. The most important app roach in change implementation process is unmatchable which brings accomplishment. Changes in organization are substantive at different activates such as modification in guidance schema, change in operations, change in organization structure and change in other activities which perplexity whitethorn consider important. Change in necessary when wariness is lining chore in current system or for getting better the performance of the organization the management whitethorn modify the current system or implement change in any activity. The factors that may bring change may be interior and external. Different activities and different new strategies can be introduced tat different level, and these changes and modifications may be restricted or unrestricted, common or general in nature. Internal factors for change may include the followingChange in structure of organizationIncrease in business needsAlteration in business planModification in goals of businessExternal factors for cha nge may includeTechnology growthChanges in economic conditions that affect the profitability or value of money requisite of electronic and technological serveIt is the primary responsibility of the McDonalds to bring changes in order to contact organizational goals and objective in rough-and-ready manner, collectable to that it mustiness plan from initial stage of change to comme il faut implementation. For the effective implementations of the change and triumphful results of the change organization must focus on Individuals and their relationships and continuous improvement system is introduced in which change is carried on properly. In order to improve the organization and bring change happyly, McDonald should consider the physical bodys sagely and come up with positive solution that may break hinders. At each stage organization should take action to overcome the defense and implement change properly.NEED FOR repositionThe period of the change management in McDonald as companys marking plans is restricted to execution of incorporated trade communication. For bringing new things and new activities in organization, the market, publicise and promotional operations of the organization must be focused. Normally different communication mediums are used for selling and publicizing and considered as help for offering services and thoughts and products. Different kinds and different types of communication media are used for marketing and advertising the products. The concentration shall be given on marketing, advertising and promotion in coordinated marketing operation. The part of new marketing plans of the McDonald, integrated marketing operation shall be highlighted by this change and new modification. The basic idea of the integrated market operations is to implement change related to health, which deal the nurture ab come to the fore current development in health and the change magnitude ration of fatness among children and adults for cre ating target marketing. The objective of integrated market operation is to launch new products for children, and to reduce the effect of growing bad intuition about McDonald among the individuals. The marketing approach which focuses on the commonwealths heath allow leave information to parents and children about the new product of McDonald McKids, and about differences between new product and existing products. If the integrated marketing communication system is successfully implemented, then it would deliver the goods successful marketing, advertising and public relations operations for efficiently introducing the new products of McDonald to general community. The organization should form a squad for bringing new activities that would handle the necessary surfaces for this change. The new dietary hooey information of new product has also uploaded on McDonald (Bahrain) website. This change forget mainly decoct on marketing and sale promotion. Nowadays, the menu of McDonal d for children has set about the problem of criticism. The integrated marketing communication has been implemented by the McDonald for changing the perception of people about the kid menu of McDonald. Through integrated marketing communication, it allow for also be ensured that the mission and vision that the McDonald is utilizing has been highlighted in every advertisement or promotion or not.RESISTANCE TO CHANGEIt is the headspring known fact that when any organization brings changes, it faces unwieldyies while implementing these changes. resistor may issue forth before implementing the change, during implementing the change and later on implementing the change. thats why these changes are carefully managed as organizations can eliminate adverse outcomes of the change because change is brought for the betterment of the organization and management expects some thing better from that change, if it is not properly implemented and it get victimized of extreme apology then th e expected result would be inverse. It is the priority of the organization that it should manage the change proper way and for this purpose open talks with employees are conducted in order to know the view of the employees because change pull up stakes directly effect on the employees and if they do not accept it, organization would not achieve desired results. Now it is the responsibility of top authorities to find out ways that can bring organization up as well as they must terrace out he ways by dint of which that change impart be implemented successfully.McDonald is striving to encounter the environmental changes by bringing changes in its promotional activities, by making changes it can respond the external and internal factor that are rapidly changing. Change leave alone be made in promotional activities in which organization will boost its image in the mind of customer. Because of that change McDonald is facing some problems to implement the change that is resistance from employees side. Problems that have been encountered by employees are misperception and negative reaction by the customer and employees, burnish is not supporting(a) for these changes.Major problem is reaction by employees and customer regarding the implementation of this change. a few of the employees are in favour of changes, they want that integrated marketing communication should be implemented. Others are resisting implementing that change. They are opposing change because they misgiving that company is going in wrong direction. They think company what ever is expecting would not attain it but it would encounter more problems out-of-pocket to this change. It is also a problem that those who suggested the change to be implemented are not able to properly convey the outcome the organization would gain from that change.though technology is rapidly developing in these days, information technology has self-aggrandizing more rapidly than any other technology. specifically in the information technology, if organization purchases computers and uses it for marketing purpose as McDonald is expecting to bring the changes but the liberate is that, with the passage of time these computer would be outdated and company will have to replace them. It may cause severe losses for the company. This issue has been raised not entirely by employees but also by customer thats why they are opposing to bring changes. This has created big issue for the McDonalds because it would not be able to achieve desired results that it is expecting from that change. Company may lose the key employees those who basically operate that change because due to resistance many of the employees may quit the McDonald and McDonald may require a number of other employees who can operate and running game this change. It is purely technical labour and only IT literate person can handle it.Every organization faces barrier when it comes with innovative idea as McDonald is going to implement new cha nge it also facing barriers and organizations success depends upon the change. Barriers may not be in shape of resistance but they may be resources that ask bringing change. Stakeholder may resist because they may not rely the proper usage of that communication media, there may short fall of measuring rod because its implementation requires finance.MANAGING THE RESISTANCEIt is the responsibility of McDonalds that how wisely it deals these issues because these issues are not as bigger as they are perceived, for this purpose it must ensure the employees that the change is not going to hurt them rather it would be beneficial for the organization and if organization will move in right direction then ultimate benefit will be given to employees. Major problem that is with this change in technology that McDonald is going to introduce is not foresighted lasting because computer is rapidly changing, the growth ration in this sphere of influence is high. So stakeholder fear that if this c hange is brought then it would not be the fixed solution, organization may have to change in future. Thats why it should be considered wisely that technology should perform long lasting duration. development regarding the change will be provided to the employees would be accurate and every one can easily understand. Third issue that McDonalds have to ensure that after implementation how this chopine will be carried on, the follow up of this program will be ensured by the top authority of management. Necessary training must be provided to the employees who would directly interact with this change and handle all the activities that would occur after change. McDonalds should provide necessary things to carry on the functions that would be run by the employees.There are differences in cultures among the employees who are working in McDonalds. They would not synchronize the activities with the changes because of their differences in culture thats why it would be more tough for the man agement of McDonalds to implement the change properly. Apart from that this is most difficult type of conflict the reason for this conflict would not be change. small-arm implementing the change McDonalds must ensure that who would be responsible to manage the change if any cultural difference is found it must be spy and they must terrace out subcultures to overcome this problem. They must identify that that would be empowered by this change.For solving these types of problems, the executives of McDonald should form a successful culture of the organization, and tough organization by the use of good control of the stakeholders in organization they should also provide their needs and wants which they require for the motivation of stakeholders which benefit the stakeholders as well as company. For certifying or confirming the continued success in change implementation, some elements are part of human swell management strategy and plan. These elements include processes and procedures for work, design and structure of organization, management performance and program for providing compensation. Some of the customers of McDonald have also created problems in implementation of change in organization.The McDonald should introduce governance process for ensuring the equality among employees and controlling the people of different cultures. The managing and controlling of people in organization is very difficult and challenging task, if we give careful consideration, attention and focus, on it then it will increase loyalty of employees and hardworking which will benefit the organization and employees. If the management provide reasonable time, advance information, incremental peoples for doing job effectively and provide extra hands and minds then the employees work more than what is expected from them.The not availability of any support in achieving the success from processes is the main thicket in execution of change. Change can be implemented in different phases i t can not be implemented just by any decision. The people which are involves in change process must go through their experiences for realizing the objectives of the modification. For success in implementing change and solve these types of clashes the management of McDonald should that the information regarding the change objectives and purposes has been properly distributed to all stakeholders and these all stakeholders such as employees, customers, suppliers, staff should realize that they are m ain source and zippy for these changes. The management must be able to identify and predict problems which may be faced by organization and those problems may hamper the employees and other stakeholders from supporting the change.RECOMMENDATIONSTo shifting the behaviour and perception of the children about healthy fast food may be very complicated, so success of these changes is very doubtful. There Is also indications to be successful in change implementation because of good features of i ntegrated marketing communication. McDonald should ensure that the new advertisement for the new image has been reached to every child in all countries where the products of the company are available, for this the company may use different types of media that disperse the information. These new advertisements for construct image of McDonald should also reach to the parent because these are the parents who purchase the food for their children, and these advertisements should persuade the parents to encourage their children for eating healthy and dietary food. There are many ways for changing and innovation, the more concentration is given to inquiry and development. Novelty can be achieved by less formal changes in the job by exchanging and merging professional experience or other approaches may also be used. substructure can be defined as new ides, new goods, new activities, new services or practices initiated by organization which are useful in achieving the objective of the bu siness. Innovation is much debated area in modern world, whether the innovation is based on new knowledge or expertise or based on needs of societies or communities and market requirements. The common factor in successful innovation is acknowledgement of demands rather than acknowledgement of technical problems.This innovation will positively result for McDonald it should try its level best to implement this change any way. For the implementation of this change if it has to encounter few problems its must focus on on it and try to resolve this problem. There are many possibilities for the McDonalds that it would bring revolution in the food industry and will gain competitive advantage. Thought it is food producing company if it crates this promotional activity not only it would attract customer but also affects positively in the minds customers. mop upIt is utmost priority of every organization that it should improve itself in order to strengthen its capabilities and sustain its co mpetitive advantage. It strives for the attainment of this purpose in shape of introducing change management in the organization.It is the primary responsibility of the McDonalds to bring changes in order to achieve organizational goals and objective in effective manner, due to that it must plan from initial stage of change to proper implementation.The extent of the change management in McDonald as companys marking plans is restricted to execution of incorporated marketing communication. For bringing new things and new activities in organization, the marketing, advertising and promotional operations of the organization must be focused. Normally different communication mediums are used for marketing and advertising and considered as aid for offering services and ideas and products.Resistance may occur before implementing the change, during implementing the change and after implementing the change. thats why these changes are carefully managed as organizations can avoid adverse outcom es of the change because change is brought for the betterment of the organization and management expects some thing better from that change, if it is not properly implemented and it get victimized of extreme resistance then the expected result would be inverse.Information regarding the change will be provided to the employees would be accurate and every one can easily understand. Third issue that McDonalds have to ensure that after implementation how this program will be carried on, the follow up of this program will be ensured by the top authority of management.This innovation will positively result for McDonald it should try its level best to implement this change any way. For the implementation of this change if it has to encounter few problems its must concentrate on it and try to resolve this problem.

Relationship between India and the USA

transactionhip in the midst of India and the regular army pilferThis piece of work tries to account the similes of single index and a nonher(prenominal) emerging power in inter issue order. The copulations of India-US harbour passed by a roller -coaster character since 1950s. The assume is to the tallest degree the Indo-US transaction during institutionalise raw- contend leg. It tries to presend in- depth field of battle of the congenator mingled with cardinal stirs, with historical hazardground, subject field level(p)ts of the period, US liaisoningness in reciprocal ohm Asia/India, its uprise on India-Pakistan disputes. It observes nearly the revolution from live out democracies to a strategical get or s wholenessrship of the traffic.US interests in the domain were for m either long clock interpreted as beneficent rather than commercial or strategic, and the US was closed completelyy with Pakistan. The study is severe to find erupt How the neglected do primary(prenominal) for just about 50 eld got extend precedency and fin preciselyy flinged to be inhering abetter _or_ abettor. The traffic accept passed through with(predicate) divers(prenominal) stage from uncomplete adept nor enemy, distanced democracies , prosecute democracies and eventually as natural assort with thermo thermo atomic fusion. This achievement and revolution is non happened all(prenominal)placenight. To achieve these, some(prenominal) countries conduct passed through different primary(prenominal)tains constantlyywhere quantify.The thesis tries to find out just around reason seat this quick study in the admitings. The transformation happened during station greenness cold - strugglefargonfare period. behindhand these transformations or so reason such as Indian manage of democratization, discourteous market insurance, huge development on economy and IT vault of heaven compete vital role. as wel l as, US goal in the vicinity was effectuate magical spell making good sex acts with India. later on ward analysing about study events and straightaway reaction, the thesis tries to draw and quarter an railway line that, with an new(prenominal)(prenominal)(a) reasons side by side, the thermo thermo atomic test of 1998 by India was the central theme that helped for the transformations of the dealings.Chapter 1 mental home and belles-lettres reviewTopic introduction and Purpose of the study after(prenominal)(prenominal) the suppress of the coldness struggle, the join States is pencil lead in the external Order, and it is experient that- this time is American time, its hegemony and indemnity for open commonwealth, human rights or in all colour or form. So its relations with any(prenominal) otherwise part of the humans is itself interesting and strategic.On the other hand, India is the largest democracy in the universeness and emerging power in the inte rnational order. It is economicalalally and strategically brat to the US, it is tiger in Asia in term of population, economy and atomic capacity. The relation among the superpower and emerging power is obviously alpha to the students of International Relations/politics or common people as well. So it is hoped that this seek casts some interesting and important line of arguments.As the tiger economies of to the south-east Asia ro atomic number 18d away in the 1970s and 1980s, Indias biggest achievements go alonged its ability to present its receive people, and its adherence against the odds to democracy. Unshackled by the economic ease of the primal mid-nineties, India is already poised to eachplace labor japan as the worlds ternion largest economy. The thermo thermonuclear status of India has been formally ack at a timeledged by the US And, when the UN is finally reformed, its credibly to land a permanent seat on the certification Council (BBC Online, 2009.)Fo r over forty years, the join States has contended with the problem of formatting a crystal clear indemnity toward south-central Asia- a region that contains approximately one-fifth of the worlds population. During this time, US form _or_ system of government has surrounded amongst interventions and withdrawal.Detailed analysis of how capital of the United States determines its southeast Asian constitution, in particular with regard to the regions twain major(ip)(ip)(ip) res publicas India and Pakistan. The nations of federation Asia contain a fifth of the human race.They include one res publica (India) that is certainly the worlds largest democracy and one other (Pakistan) that has been an sporadic ally of the US since 1953. For over thirty- pentad years workings capitals constitution has shifted unsoft from neglect of the region to intense interlocking in its economic, policy-making, and force aff crinkles, seeing in the former certain ideo logical and ri ghteous values and in the latter certain strategic and armament advantages. This assure for tries to fill a gap in under stand of the reasons for American meshing in and policy toward southeastward Asia in particular India.The publications on US remote policy is dropd by relations with the Soviet amount and westbounderly Europe. American relations with Africa, selenium Asia, Latin America, and siemens Asia argon relatively neglected and episodic in nature. This absence of interest is e peculiarly marked in the case of reciprocal ohm Asia. Yet, American decisions allow deeply impressed the lives of around sulfur Asians, the societies of regional states, and their external policies. It has much been illustrious that this influence and the human affinity is excessively one-sided American decisions take up southeast Asians far much than South Asian decisions can ever instill Americans.The purpose of this study is to take care the artificial lakes and patters of American responses towards events in India over a period of time, through an examination of some case study. swelled some brief introduction and chronicle of Indo-US security relation after stake ball contend, it negotiation in full point or so the relation during brandmark crisp contend period.After the end of the Cold War, every rural area around the world make, solely South Asian countries effected to a greater extent than others. The US has no rival in world order, however India and Pakistan, ii countries from the South Asia emerged as new nuclear power. India could not be the state as neglected before. Post Cold- War period dictum outstanding miscellanys in US-India relation.Research Focus/Research questionThe main push merelyton of this thesis is to present the Indo-US relations during Post Cold War period, to study main events of the period and to look for the reasons behind the transformation in relations. The thesis is foc commitd on the periphery of Post Cold War leading to 9/11. In the short span of time in 1990s how the transformation was executable, how the neglected country for well-nigh 50 years got top priority in American im textile policy, it tries to answer these questions.The thesis tries to make an argument that the nuclear test of 1998 was the central theme that helped for the transformation of the relation. The Indo-US converging was abruptly interrupted by Indias May 1998 nuclear tests. president Clintons initial reaction was simultaneously emotional To view that you ready to manifest your expectantness by behaviour that recalls the very rack up events of the twentieth century on the edge of the twenty-first century when everybody else is trying to lend the nuclear age behind, is just wrong.Because of the fact that both India and Pakistan had been de facto nuclear machine states, US chargeed to the highest degree the curtain raising of nuclear war in South Asia, solely it was obviously a challenge in Western hegemony as well. Although the US imposed suspension of most army- host contacts, the nuclear tests started a high-level engagements between the US and India. all extra time, the Clinton Administration adapted itself to the earthly concern that Indias great-power aspirations included becoming a full-fledged nuclear weapons state. Indias 1998 nuclear explosive test were a bless(prenominal)ing in cover for long-run Indo-US relations. Once the tests exploded the illusion, uppercase and vernal Delhi could get on with the important task of relating to one another on a to a greater extent advert footing.MethodologyThe study is found on academic create verballys such as retains, journal and online resources. epoch using such material a great care has been taken in term of their credibility. The books analyse for the research are written by academics mostly of Indian flat coat in caudex. Mostly they are meliorate in American Universities and working thither in US Un iversities. Their academic background and research country is more or less American unconnected policy, Asian studies, Asians security.a want the online resources pose been utilize with great care such as produced by the academics and trus 2rthy organizations like Asia Foundations, political bodies and well -kn make research centres. Though writers are educated and being employed in US academia, care swallow been taken season evolution arguments from their writing, being India origin, emotional be convey might affect on their writing about American or Indian perspective.The thesis to a fault contains tierce major events which were supposed to play determinative role for the transformations of the relations. in any case it withal collects immediate reaction after the test. For reactions the samples have been collected in collar groups.Structure of the thesisThe thesis is composed of six chapters. Chapter one is the common introduction explaining the topic and subject m atter, rationale, and methodology. This chapter in feelerion includes the writings review.The second chapter specks the record of Indo-US relations. It talks about the US engagement in Asia and India. It alone presents the account of the relation explaining some major events of the period. The third chapter is about the post Cold -War scenarios. It begins with how the US started tilting to India not Pakistan. The change in American policy to South Asia and India begin at this point of time. This chapter explains three major events of the period as case study Kashmir Issue 1999, nuclear test 1998 and Clinton natter 2002. After this, in Chapter Four to know the immediate reaction after the test, it collects some thoughts expressed in news Medias and thoughts by cerebrate tanks especially in the US. How the think-tank and the governments reacted to the test and talked about the bi riperal relations.After analysing three major events and reactions of the governments, think tanks and views expressed on newspaper, Chapter Five, the main part of the thesis makes an argument that it was the nuclear test 1998, which helped to transform the relation. This chapter once again makes a decree of the relation since 1950s. Finally, the thesis contains the conclusion and bibliography.Literature ReviewAs mentioned above, literature on American extraneous policy is easily accessible and addressable over but regarding the US relations to the South Asian region book and journals are not available enough as compared to other regions.The literature on US conflicting policy is dominated by relations with the Soviet Union and Western Europe. For example, Ambrose S E. (1993) exclusively presents the level of American contrary policy since 1938. Ambrose gives detail critique of American alien constitution from the period America was secure in the world- uncomplete of the great totalitarian political forces of the century, Fascism or Communism.The rootage presents the overview of the evolution of American foreign insurance policy stress on major events like World War II, the Cuban rocket crisis, Vietnam War, and the SALT treaties. It besides talks about the individual ch mental strainwomans and their changed attitudes to the different regions. Ambrose begins with the first years of American outside form _or_ system of government and its strength overtime up to Bush Policy and US engagements in Gulf war.Ambrose presents a chronological recital of American outside(prenominal) Policy, but this book scarce discusses the development in South Asian region. The author is quite on US engagement in South Asia/India or US elaborateness in Indian/Pakistani War, Kargil issueAs compared to Ambrose, Spanier J (1983) talks about the US and third world (authors term) developments. Spanier presents an account of American foreign policy from the closing days of World War II to the blood line of the second Regan administration.The author presents interp retation of the roles of the Unites States on the world stage since it became a nuclear superpower. It also talks about the theoretical frameworks of American foreign policy like the American approach to foreign policy, the state system, the American national style, the contrast between systematic and national behaviour. Spainer intelligibly tries to explore the reason behind World War, its significance and elaborate survey of encounterion of nuclear weapons on the pattern of American-Soviet relations. The author explains in detail about the role of 3rd world during the Cold War to negate with-and-in-the terzetto World.Bertsch K. Gary et.al. (1999) collects twelve essays by US educated academics with background study in South Asian studies. Most of the authors are with Indian background, educated and engaged in US intuitions. The write-up reflects their long experiences with their work either academic or institution like US based South Asia Program, Institutes for defense forc e Studies.The author addresses the broad range of non-proliferation and foreign policy issues that affect Indo-American relations. It not exactly describes missile control and space cooperation, chemical and biological weapons, and the use of sanctions versus incentives, the individual authors with their expertise knowledge provide serviceable recommendations for how a stronger and more significant dialogue can be established between the policy makers of the worlds both largest democracies.Authors present about the tarradiddle of Indo-US relations in different perspective like strategic, economic, political, technical aspects but its main focusing is to talk about broad insight into Indias relations with the rest of the world in the shadow of Indias 1998 nuclear tests. Likewise Gangulyscobell (2006) present a series of perspectives about US-Indian strategic cooperation. The authors make an sudor for the current status and future instructions of the relation.The identify the s trategic stage setting for and logic behind Indias emerging security cooperation with the US, the strategic background for and logic behind growing US security cooperation with India, growing twain-sided cooperation in the US-led Global War on Terrorism. Likewise, it raises an important issue of the US opinion of Indias role in the anti-terror struggle, Indian assessment of the US general anti-terror effort, Chinese view of the growing security ties between majuscule and bracing Delhi. Likewise it identifies some phalanx-to-military ties between the United States and India, one from the perspective of Washington, and the other from a New Delhi perspective.S. Ganguly et.al. (2006) traces the origins, development and the current state of Indo-US strategic cooperation. The authors access the strategic cooperation of the worlds both largest democracies. They entirely talk about the strategic relation of the two countries. The book provides an assessment of Indo-US relations wi th a particular focus on the evolution of contemporaneous bilateral relations, focuses on the current state of military-to-military cooperation. The authors highlight the development of Indo-US defence ties over the be few decades and examine its inherent causes. Likewise they addressees key areas of future strategic cooperation including high applied science trade, community in multilateral peace holding operations.S. Ganguly (1990) identifies the key issues of how Washington determines its South Asian policy, especially with regard to the regions two major states India and Pakistan. exploitation case studies the author bases his study on US policy in four major South Asian crises the 1962 India-mainland China War, the India-Pakistan scraps of 1965 and 1971, and the massive enlist of 1966-1967. Gangulys research not only talks about the American foreign policy during different presidents in office and major events but also it talks about the theoretical aspect of American fo reign policy. It describes analytic perspective of US foreign policy, South Asia and US foreign policy, report of Indo-US relations and Indo-China War, 1965 War, The 1965-67 Crisis, the 1971 Indo-Pakistani war. The author provides the detailed explanation of the major events of the taradiddle between two states and mostly incidents are based on American perspective.As mentioned earlier since the region itself did not get priority, so the discussion about the region in world affairs was limited. Only after late 1990s and especially after the nuclear test, the literature on American policy to Asia and India seems growing. One of such discussion is J. Singh (1998). It provides both historical and contemporary analytical insights on a variety of subjects that impose upon a nuclear India. Singh checks out the nuclear reality as it exists today, at the national and international level.He begins with why nuclear weapons are postulate and what are they all about. It further examines th e rationale for the possession of nuclear weapons, detailed history of the Indian nuclear policy formulation between 1964-1998, presents history to trace the origin of nuclear weapons. It also demonstrates about the paths of proliferation and non-proliferation over the decease five decades. The author also looks at the increasing proliferation concerns in the Indian neighbourhood, lists out the major proliferation challenges that have emerged after the Cold War.Likewise, it further focuses specially on ballistic missiles and their implications for international security. Likewise it also presents a detailed study of both China and Pakistans nuclear weapons and missile programme, examines the conventional Indian mark on the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, impact of the nuclear test ban on the post-Cold War environment. It gives enough randomness about the nuclear weapons, their introduction, how they work and why they are required. It also presents the history of nuclear weapons, telling about the nuclear have countries when and how they conducted it.Jain, Rashmi (Ed.) 2006) presents the record of the transition of Indo-US relations from estranged democracies to a strategic partnership in the 21st century. It is the comprehensive and current study of the political, economic/trade, military/defence and nuclear proportions of Indo-US relations from 1947 to 2006. Jain discusses the overall trends in relations between India and the United States during the Cold War and after.It deals with the implications of the American alliance with Pakistan, the extension of limited armor aid to India following the India-China war of 1962 and support to the Tashkent and Simla agreements, Nixons tilt towards Pakistan during the Indo-Pak war of 1971, Indias nuclear test of 1947. The study contains a selection of 692 basal documents from ex officio sources, including sexual intercourseional hearings, and provides the full texts or extracts from various agreements, heart and soult communiqus and statements and interviews by Government dignitaries. It is the collection of official documents related between the relations of two countries for about fifty years. It works as primary source for the researcher.Beside these books, daybook and other reports have been used while conducting the research. Journals like Foreign affairs, International Affairs, Strategic Affairs, and online edition of The Economist and news sites of BBC, CNN, The New York multiplication and Indian newspapers such as Hindu, the Times of India has been used.Likewise US congress report, governmental publications and the reports published by the Ministry of Indian External Affairs have been used.Chapter 2Historical BackgroundSouth Asia and US Foreign Policy-US meets IndiaThis chapter apprize about the American Foreign Policy and US involvement in South Asia/India. It is an account of US-Indo relations after 1950s to late 1980s. It is not chronological history of the relation, but it includes major events and trends of the time.South Asia comprises a subsystem of powers with two major nations India and Pakistan that are actually within South Asia and there others, China, the US and the USSR, that are extra-regional players in the region. South Asia also contains other states with minimal military and economical power Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan. By virtue of their global status, the US and the USSR have been touch on in South Asia until 1990s. South Asian Countries are oftentimes introduced by political instability, a relative diffusion of powers and slow economic development. These characteristics and helplessness prompted the two superpowers to fill the apparent power vacuum and to change it in order to strengthen their respective global and regional policies (Ganguly S. 1999.)South Asia has been unremarkably been regarded as only marginally important to the United States. In the major American security decisions regarding the st ability of the international system, maintenance of nuclear symmetricalness or the problem of war and peace, South Asia was not considered a ascertain federal agent. Some reasons can be traced behind less priority of US to South Asia First, it was not vital strategically it did not project any major resources essential to American industry. Second, the low level of economic and political interaction could not generate a positive moving-picture show of South Asia in the American mind. In American perceptions, the area remained a relate of British interests. Thus, US interests in the region were for many years interpreted as philanthropic rather than commercial or strategic (R.Arthur, 2006.)The central dilemma of US policy in South Asia since 1947 has been to deal with the competing take overs of the two principal states of this region, India and Pakistan. In a sense, the constant dilemma of Americas South Asia Policy is a result of the regional contest between these two states .Of these two Sub continental states, if India was often a unimportant cypher in US perception of the global strategic equation, Pakistan was an insignificant factor unless military aligned with the US.The initial US involvement in South Asia was only influenced by the regional developments.What did shape the US role was the shrinking British Empire and the rapid decline of the KMT regime in China. come through US military links to South Asia (especially Pakistan), a subsidiary of its concern in relation to the Soviet Union, accidentally emphasized the level of disgust between India and Pakistan. US involvement not only annoyed India but also brought the Soviet Union and later China into the Subcontinent and made the region an battleground of Cold war politics (Ganguly S, 1990.)In many ways, US involvement in India started during World War II, before this both officials and unsanctioned contacts with India were minimal. While the US maintained a few consular officers in India to look after commercial interests, it relied by and large on British Foreign chest of drawers communications for information on the Indian political situation. The US truly became involved in South Asia after its entry into World War II.British India served at that time as a shape bill for allied military operations against the Japanese in China and Southeast Asia. Indias relations with the Unites States have been described variously as estranged democracies and distance powers by Americans. Indian have tended to describe it as distanced democracies, engaged democracies and finally as natural allies. Another common conclude often articulated from India, describes the United States as the oldest and most stringy democracy and itself as the largest. The expectation from both sides appears to have been that democracy give someways transcend national interests and security imperatives and shape the race (B.Dipankar, 2006.)Relations between India and the US have alter widely over the last sixty-five years and readed a roller-coaster character with many ups and downs and high and lows. In recent years India US relations has transformed into what both sides claim to be a strategic partnership. Even as both countries move towards that desirable goal, it is useful to recall that divergences in perceptions and policies have varied widely over the years. At the end of the Second World War the Unites States emerged as the undisputed leader of the free world. Its lead in almost every area of consequence remains unchallenged for decades.All its possible peers were largely destroyed by the war and indeed necessitate Washingtons help to revive themselves. The United States did not just dominate the emerging world order, but had the opportunity to shape it by pose out its figures and establishing the international institutions that would determine its future. Within a few years of the Wars end, the Soviet Union and the Communist bloc emerged as the only group th at could conceivably challenge this order, but only in a limited military sense.For India, the immediate concerns were different. It was to emerge from colonialism and external mastery as an self-reliant entity. It had first to fully assert its liberty, in which it only got success partially as the nation itself was split into India and Pakistan addressing the region to natural conflict for decades. Indias identity and nationalism had to be developed an supererogatory based on its own values and heritage and its territories needed to be consolidated. In addition to these concerns, a modern state had to be created almost from the first gear with all its associated institutions. (C. Raja Mohan 2003)To achieve these immediate goals, India needed a calm external environment, uncomplicated by the rivalries of the global power struggle. New Delhi needed to craft a policy that would provide it a meaningful and self-directed role in a future world, in keeping with its own size poten tial and aspiration. In accordance with these needs it recognize a policy of non-alignment. The term itself was much misunderstood in the world, and especially in the US. India, peradventure justifiably, never fully explained its position, leading many in the west to ask, non-aligned against what good and evil?(R.Bahukutumbi, 1996.)What Nehru opined was a policy that would enable India to take independent positions on international issues without being tied down by alliances and ideologic constraints. The central theme was not to get drawn in to military entanglements with major powers. He also hoped this would open up the possibility for India to adopt a position of some leadership of the emerging world. many practical difficulties emerged, which hindered the implementations of this policy over the years. Over time, other countries also stubborn to remain non-aligned. On global issues, non-alignment often meant aligning against the west. Overall this policy disallow the possib ility of a military relationship with any country or grouping. This policy, and differences in world view, became a major barrier to an Indo-US military relationship throughout the Cold War (Ganguly S, 1990.)Indo-US diplomatic relations go back to the presidency of George Washington when Benjamin Joy was appointed to the position of US Consul in Calcutta, the then Indian Capital in 1792. postal code of assembly line happened until April 1941. When Girija Shakar Bajpai was appointed the first Agent General of India in Washington DC and Thomas Wilson shifted as US Commissioner from Calcutta to New Delhi. At that time President Roosevelt understood that a successful pursuit of the war against the axis of rotation powers required Indias willing support and cooperation. Roosevelts support for Indian independence and concern about continuing British rule had left field a favourable impression on Indians (Chari PR 1999.)Churchills refusal to read a serious change in British imperial poli cy compelled the Indian National Congress to launch the Quit India movement in 1942. The Congress leaders believed that only an India that was promised freedom after the war could voluntarily join the war against fascism. Instead, the British responded by locking up most of age(p) Congress political leaders. In spite of this, Indias fellowship in the Second World War was remarkable by any standards. Over two and a half cardinal soldiers, each a volunteer, fought with confederative armies in many of the major threats of the global conflict. This contribution was curiously striking in the Burma front, without which the outcome would have been considerably less certain.In addition to the roughly half-million soldiers from India and the British Commonwealth in this theatre, the Allied forces were conjugated by troops representing the Nationalist Chinese, many Africans and, by the wars end, some 250,000 US soldiers (Sigh 2005.)This enormous US troop contribution was easily its larg est military-to-military relationship in South Asia. US forces provided the bulk of logistics support, flew demonstrable add up of air sorties across uncharted routes in unstable aircraft, and ensured that the Kuomintang forces remained in the war against Japan in China. In addition, there was also the enormous Brooklyn air learn plant near Kolkata, the largest in Asia at the time that stored and supplied food for thought to all Allied forces in the East (Banerjee, D 2000.)It might have been anticipate that this state relations would continue after Indian independence. Instead, the Cold war intervened. India was partitioned and a separate state, Pakistan came into existence in 1947. During the Cold War, the insisting of strategic imperatives often widened the disjuncture between the hope and the reality resulting in perverting Indo-US relations. The US support to Pakistan on the Jammu and Kashmir dispute in the United Nations in 1948-49, and initiation of military support to Pakistan in 1954, shed a blanket shadow on the relationship.The United States wanted to join as many states as possible in its war against communism, often in a formal strategic relationship. India viewed the logic of American alliances as flat time out its own interests. India was convinced that American military support had encourage Pakistan to salary war against it in 1965. This happened again during Indo-Pak war in 1971, when the US gave warnings to India and sent the USS Enterprise of its 7th Fleet into the Bay of Bengal. The United States sensed Indias policy of non-alignment as self-righteous and considered its neutrality far from neutral, citing examples of its be quiet over the Soviet invasion of Hungary and Czechosloskavia in 1968 (Dasgupta 2002.)In mid 1961 India hold to procure the MiG-21 aircraft from the Soviet Union. This was offeringed on such munificent terms that neither coarse Britain, nor France nor the US could come up with a comparable offer even if they wanted to match it. Thus, began a long and enduring Indo-Soviet build up relationship (Ganguly S, 1990.)The very strong Indian reaction to the evolving Pakistan-US military alliance was perhaps not anticipated in Washington. In any case, by now Indias image in the US had plunged and New Delhis concerns were not a factor in US decision making. Indo-US relations remained snappy in a sate of suspended hostility until 1962. The Chinese invasion on India in Oct-Nov 1962 led to a remarkable turn around in Indo-US relations.The attack from Chinese side surprised and ball over the Indian leaders. A total of two Indian infantry divisions, or less than ten percent of the Indian combat force, faced a well prepared PLA. The Indian forces were totally unprepared, badly deployed, under-equipped and even without victorian clothes. The belabor was total in terms of Indias political standing and its foreign policy. What is notable was the dramatic shift in Indian policy and the liberal military and political support that India received from the US and the West. none of Indias non-aligned partners provided help and few showed any sympathy.Moscow actually temporarily halted the MiG program, turnout instead with its socialist friend.In contrast, the US came through with substantial help. A considerably larger arms package of US $ 373 million was on the face of it worked out by November 1963 in Washington by ambassador Chester Bowles and was to have been signed by President Kennedy on 26th of November, 1963. Kennedy utter We should act India, and thereforeRelationship between India and the USARelationship between India and the USAAbstractThis piece of work tries to study the relations of one superpower and another emerging power in international order. The relations of India-US have passed through a roller -coaster character since 1950s. The study is about the Indo-US relations during post Cold-War period. It tries to present in- depth study of the relation betwee n two states, with historical background, major events of the period, US involvement in South Asia/India, its stand on India-Pakistan disputes. It observes about the transition from estranged democracies to a strategic partnership of the relations.US interests in the region were for many years interpreted as philanthropic rather than commercial or strategic, and the US was closed ally with Pakistan. The study is trying to find out How the neglected country for almost 50 years got top priority and finally turned to be natural ally. The relations have passed through different stage from neither friend nor enemy, distanced democracies , engaged democracies and finally as natural allies with nuclear partnership. This achievement and transformation is not happened overnight. To achieve these, both countries have passed through different states overtime.The thesis tries to find out some reason behind this quick development in the relations. The transformation happened during post Cold -W ar period. Behind these transformations some reason such as Indian practice of democratization, open market policy, huge development on economy and IT sector played vital role. Likewise, US goal in the region was fulfilled while making good relations with India. After analysing some major events and immediate reaction, the thesis tries to make an argument that, with other reasons side by side, the nuclear test of 1998 by India was the central theme that helped for the transformations of the relations.Chapter 1Introduction and literature reviewTopic introduction and Purpose of the studyAfter the end of the Cold War, the United States is leading in the International Order, and it is experienced that- this time is American time, its hegemony and policy for liberal democracy, human rights or in any colour or form. So its relations with any other part of the world is itself interesting and important.On the other hand, India is the largest democracy in the world and emerging power in the International order. It is economically and strategically threat to the US, it is tiger in Asia in term of population, economy and nuclear capacity. The relation between the superpower and emerging power is obviously important to the students of International Relations/politics or common people as well. So it is hoped that this research makes some interesting and important line of arguments.As the tiger economies of South-east Asia roared away in the 1970s and 1980s, Indias biggest achievements remained its ability to feed its own people, and its adherence against the odds to democracy. Unshackled by the economic liberalisation of the early 1990s, India is already poised to overtake Japan as the worlds third largest economy. The nuclear status of India has been formally acknowledged by the US And, when the UN is finally reformed, its likely to land a permanent seat on the Security Council (BBC Online, 2009.)For over forty years, the United States has contended with the problem of formatting a coherent policy toward South Asia- a region that contains approximately one-fifth of the worlds population. During this time, US policy has surrounded between interventions and withdrawal.Detailed analysis of how Washington determines its South Asian policy, especially with regard to the regions two major states India and Pakistan. The nations of South Asia contain a fifth of the human race.They include one state (India) that is certainly the worlds largest democracy and one other (Pakistan) that has been an intermittent ally of the US since 1953. For over thirty-five years Washingtons policy has shifted uneasily from neglect of the region to intense involvement in its economic, political, and military affairs, seeing in the former certain ideological and moral values and in the latter certain strategic and military advantages. This research tries to fill a gap in understanding of the reasons for American involvement in and policy toward South Asia especially India.The literature on US foreign policy is dominated by relations with the Soviet Union and Western Europe. American relations with Africa, Southeast Asia, Latin America, and South Asia are relatively neglected and episodic in nature. This absence of interest is especially marked in the case of South Asia. Yet, American decisions have profoundly affected the lives of most South Asians, the societies of regional states, and their external policies. It has often been noted that this influence and the relationship is excessively one-sided American decisions affect South Asians far more than South Asian decisions can ever affect Americans.The purpose of this study is to examine the sources and patters of American responses towards events in India over a period of time, through an examination of some case study. Giving some brief introduction and history of Indo-US security relation after 2nd World War, it talks in detail about the relation during Post Cold War period.After the end of the Cold W ar, every country around the world effected, but South Asian countries effected more than others. The US has no rival in world order, but India and Pakistan, two countries from the South Asia emerged as new nuclear power. India could not be the state as neglected before. Post Cold- War period saw dramatic changes in US-India relation.Research Focus/Research questionThe main thrust of this thesis is to present the Indo-US relations during Post Cold War period, to study main events of the period and to explore the reasons behind the transformation in relations. The thesis is focused on the periphery of Post Cold War leading to 9/11. In the short span of time in 1990s how the transformation was possible, how the neglected country for almost 50 years got top priority in American foreign policy, it tries to answer these questions.The thesis tries to make an argument that the nuclear test of 1998 was the central theme that helped for the transformation of the relation. The Indo-US converg ence was abruptly interrupted by Indias May 1998 nuclear tests. President Clintons initial reaction was simultaneously emotional To think that you have to manifest your greatness by behaviour that recalls the very worst events of the 20th century on the edge of the 21st century when everybody else is trying to leave the nuclear age behind, is just wrong.Because of the fact that both India and Pakistan had been de facto nuclear weapon states, US concerned about the possibility of nuclear war in South Asia, but it was obviously a challenge in Western hegemony as well. Although the US imposed suspension of most military-military contacts, the nuclear tests started a high-level engagements between the US and India. Overtime, the Clinton Administration adapted itself to the reality that Indias great-power aspirations included becoming a full-fledged nuclear weapons state. Indias 1998 nuclear explosive test were a blessing in disguise for long-term Indo-US relations. Once the tests explod ed the illusion, Washington and New Delhi could get on with the important task of relating to one another on a more equal footing.MethodologyThe study is based on academic publications such as books, journal and online resources. While using such material a great care has been taken in term of their credibility. The books studied for the research are written by academics mostly of Indian background in origin. Mostly they are educated in American Universities and working there in US Universities. Their academic background and research area is about American foreign policy, Asian studies, Asians security.Likewise the online resources have been used with great care such as produced by the academics and trustworthy organizations like Asia Foundations, governmental bodies and well -known research centres. Though writers are educated and being engaged in US academia, care have been taken while developing arguments from their writing, being India origin, emotional behave might affect on t heir writing about American or Indian perspective.The thesis also contains three major events which were supposed to play determinative role for the transformations of the relations. Likewise it also collects immediate reaction after the test. For reactions the samples have been collected in three groups.Structure of the thesisThe thesis is composed of six chapters. Chapter one is the general introduction explaining the topic and subject matter, rationale, and methodology. This chapter also includes the literature review.The second chapter traces the history of Indo-US relations. It talks about the US engagement in Asia and India. It simply presents the history of the relation explaining some major events of the period. The third chapter is about the post Cold -War scenarios. It begins with how the US started tilting to India not Pakistan. The change in American policy to South Asia and India begin at this point of time. This chapter explains three major events of the period as case study Kashmir Issue 1999, nuclear test 1998 and Clinton visit 2002. After this, in Chapter Four to know the immediate reaction after the test, it collects some thoughts expressed in news Medias and thoughts by think tanks especially in the US. How the think-tank and the governments reacted to the test and talked about the bilateral relations.After analysing three major events and reactions of the governments, think tanks and views expressed on newspaper, Chapter Five, the main part of the thesis makes an argument that it was the nuclear test 1998, which helped to transform the relation. This chapter once again makes a revision of the relation since 1950s. Finally, the thesis contains the conclusion and bibliography.Literature ReviewAs mentioned above, literature on American foreign policy is easily accessible and available everywhere but regarding the US relations to the South Asian region book and journals are not available enough as compared to other regions.The literature on US foreign policy is dominated by relations with the Soviet Union and Western Europe. For example, Ambrose S E. (1993) exclusively presents the history of American foreign policy since 1938. Ambrose gives detail survey of American Foreign Policy from the period America was secure in the world-neither of the great totalitarian political forces of the century, Fascism or Communism.The author presents the overview of the evolution of American foreign Policy focusing on major events like World War II, the Cuban missile crisis, Vietnam War, and the SALT treaties. It also talks about the individual Presidents and their changed attitudes to the different regions. Ambrose begins with the starting years of American Foreign Policy and its strength overtime up to Bush Policy and US engagements in Gulf war.Ambrose presents a chronological history of American Foreign Policy, but this book hardly discusses the development in South Asian region. The author is quite on US engagement in South Asia/Indi a or US involvement in Indian/Pakistani War, Kargil issueAs compared to Ambrose, Spanier J (1983) talks about the US and third world (authors term) developments. Spanier presents an account of American foreign policy from the closing days of World War II to the beginning of the second Regan administration.The author presents interpretation of the roles of the Unites States on the world stage since it became a nuclear superpower. It also talks about the theoretical frameworks of American foreign policy like the American approach to foreign policy, the state system, the American national style, the contrast between systematic and national behaviour. Spainer clearly tries to explore the reason behind World War, its significance and detailed survey of impact of nuclear weapons on the pattern of American-Soviet relations. The author explains in detail about the role of 3rd world during the Cold War to conflict with-and-in-the Third World.Bertsch K. Gary et.al. (1999) collects twelve essa ys by US educated academics with background study in South Asian studies. Most of the authors are with Indian background, educated and engaged in US intuitions. The write-up reflects their long experiences with their work either academic or institution like US based South Asia Program, Institutes for Defence Studies.The author addresses the broad range of non-proliferation and foreign policy issues that affect Indo-American relations. It not only describes missile control and space cooperation, chemical and biological weapons, and the use of sanctions versus incentives, the individual authors with their expertise knowledge provide practical recommendations for how a stronger and more meaningful dialogue can be established between the policy makers of the worlds two largest democracies.Authors present about the history of Indo-US relations in different perspective like strategic, economic, political, technical aspects but its main focus is to talk about broad insight into Indias rela tions with the rest of the world in the shadow of Indias 1998 nuclear tests. Likewise Gangulyscobell (2006) present a series of perspectives about US-Indian strategic cooperation. The authors make an effort for the current status and future instructions of the relation.The identify the strategic context for and logic behind Indias emerging security cooperation with the US, the strategic context for and logic behind growing US security cooperation with India, growing bilateral cooperation in the US-led Global War on Terrorism. Likewise, it raises an important issue of the US assessment of Indias role in the anti-terror struggle, Indian assessment of the US worldwide anti-terror effort, Chinese view of the growing security ties between Washington and New Delhi. Likewise it identifies some military-to-military ties between the United States and India, one from the perspective of Washington, and the other from a New Delhi perspective.S. Ganguly et.al. (2006) traces the origins, developm ent and the current state of Indo-US strategic cooperation. The authors access the strategic cooperation of the worlds two largest democracies. They entirely talk about the strategic relation of the two countries. The book provides an assessment of Indo-US relations with a particular focus on the evolution of contemporary bilateral relations, focuses on the current state of military-to-military cooperation. The authors highlight the development of Indo-US defence ties over the last few decades and examine its underlying causes. Likewise they addressees key areas of future strategic cooperation including high technology trade, participation in multilateral peacekeeping operations.S. Ganguly (1990) identifies the key issues of how Washington determines its South Asian policy, especially with regard to the regions two major states India and Pakistan. Using case studies the author bases his study on US policy in four major South Asian crises the 1962 India-China War, the India-Pakistan conflicts of 1965 and 1971, and the massive draught of 1966-1967. Gangulys research not only talks about the American foreign policy during different presidents in office and major events but also it talks about the theoretical aspect of American foreign policy. It describes analytical perspective of US foreign policy, South Asia and US foreign policy, history of Indo-US relations and Indo-China War, 1965 War, The 1965-67 Crisis, the 1971 Indo-Pakistani war. The author provides the detailed explanation of the major events of the history between two states and mostly incidents are based on American perspective.As mentioned earlier since the region itself did not get priority, so the discussion about the region in world affairs was limited. Only after late 1990s and especially after the nuclear test, the literature on American policy to Asia and India seems growing. One of such discussion is J. Singh (1998). It provides both historical and contemporary analytical insights on a variety of subjects that impose upon a nuclear India. Singh checks out the nuclear reality as it exists today, at the national and international level.He begins with why nuclear weapons are required and what are they all about. It further examines the rationale for the possession of nuclear weapons, detailed history of the Indian nuclear policy formulation between 1964-1998, presents history to trace the origin of nuclear weapons. It also demonstrates about the paths of proliferation and non-proliferation over the last five decades. The author also looks at the increasing proliferation concerns in the Indian neighbourhood, lists out the major proliferation challenges that have emerged after the Cold War.Likewise, it further focuses specially on ballistic missiles and their implications for international security. Likewise it also presents a detailed study of both China and Pakistans nuclear weapons and missile programme, examines the traditional Indian position on the Comprehensive Test Ba n Treaty, impact of the nuclear test ban on the post-Cold War environment. It gives enough information about the nuclear weapons, their introduction, how they work and why they are required. It also presents the history of nuclear weapons, telling about the nuclear have countries when and how they conducted it.Jain, Rashmi (Ed.) 2006) presents the record of the transition of Indo-US relations from estranged democracies to a strategic partnership in the 21st century. It is the inclusive and current study of the political, economic/trade, military/defence and nuclear proportions of Indo-US relations from 1947 to 2006. Jain discusses the overall trends in relations between India and the United States during the Cold War and after.It deals with the implications of the American alliance with Pakistan, the extension of limited arms assistance to India following the India-China war of 1962 and support to the Tashkent and Simla agreements, Nixons tilt towards Pakistan during the Indo-Pak wa r of 1971, Indias nuclear test of 1947. The study contains a selection of 692 basic documents from official sources, including Congressional hearings, and provides the full texts or extracts from various agreements, joint communiqus and statements and interviews by Government dignitaries. It is the collection of official documents related between the relations of two countries for about fifty years. It works as primary source for the researcher.Beside these books, Journal and other reports have been used while conducting the research. Journals like Foreign affairs, International Affairs, Strategic Affairs, and online edition of The Economist and news sites of BBC, CNN, The New York Times and Indian newspapers such as Hindu, the Times of India has been used.Likewise US congress report, governmental publications and the reports published by the Ministry of Indian External Affairs have been used.Chapter 2Historical BackgroundSouth Asia and US Foreign Policy-US meets IndiaThis chapter b riefs about the American Foreign Policy and US involvement in South Asia/India. It is an account of US-Indo relations after 1950s to late 1980s. It is not chronological history of the relation, but it includes major events and trends of the time.South Asia comprises a subsystem of powers with two major nations India and Pakistan that are actually within South Asia and there others, China, the US and the USSR, that are extra-regional players in the region. South Asia also contains other states with minimal military and economical power Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan. By virtue of their global status, the US and the USSR have been involved in South Asia until 1990s. South Asian Countries are often introduced by political instability, a relative diffusion of powers and slow economic development. These characteristics and weakness prompted the two superpowers to fill the apparent power vacuum and to change it in order to strengthen their respective global and regi onal policies (Ganguly S. 1999.)South Asia has been usually been regarded as only marginally important to the United States. In the major American security decisions regarding the stability of the international system, maintenance of nuclear balance or the problem of war and peace, South Asia was not considered a determining factor. Some reasons can be traced behind less priority of US to South Asia First, it was not vital strategically it did not offer any major resources essential to American industry. Second, the low level of economic and political interaction could not generate a positive image of South Asia in the American mind. In American perceptions, the area remained a preserve of British interests. Thus, US interests in the region were for many years interpreted as philanthropic rather than commercial or strategic (R.Arthur, 2006.)The central dilemma of US policy in South Asia since 1947 has been to deal with the competing claims of the two principal states of this region, India and Pakistan. In a sense, the constant dilemma of Americas South Asia Policy is a result of the regional contest between these two states.Of these two Sub continental states, if India was often a unimportant factor in US perception of the global strategic equation, Pakistan was an insignificant factor unless military aligned with the US.The initial US involvement in South Asia was barely influenced by the regional developments.What did shape the US role was the shrinking British Empire and the rapid decline of the KMT regime in China. Succeeding US military links to South Asia (especially Pakistan), a subsidiary of its concern in relation to the Soviet Union, accidentally emphasized the level of hostility between India and Pakistan. US involvement not only annoyed India but also brought the Soviet Union and later China into the Subcontinent and made the region an arena of Cold war politics (Ganguly S, 1990.)In many ways, US involvement in India started during World War II, be fore this both officials and unofficial contacts with India were minimal. While the US maintained a few consular officers in India to look after commercial interests, it relied largely on British Foreign Office communications for information on the Indian political situation. The US really became involved in South Asia after its entry into World War II.British India served at that time as a spring board for allied military operations against the Japanese in China and Southeast Asia. Indias relations with the Unites States have been described variously as estranged democracies and distance powers by Americans. Indian have tended to describe it as distanced democracies, engaged democracies and finally as natural allies. Another common refrain often articulated from India, describes the United States as the oldest and most powerful democracy and itself as the largest. The expectation from both sides appears to have been that democracy will somehow transcend national interests and secur ity imperatives and shape the relationship (B.Dipankar, 2006.)Relations between India and the US have varied widely over the last sixty-five years and adopted a roller-coaster character with many ups and downs and high and lows. In recent years India US relations has transformed into what both sides claim to be a strategic partnership. Even as both countries move towards that desirable goal, it is useful to recall that divergences in perceptions and policies have varied widely over the years. At the end of the Second World War the Unites States emerged as the undisputed leader of the free world. Its lead in almost every area of consequence remains unchallenged for decades.All its possible peers were largely destroyed by the war and indeed needed Washingtons help to revive themselves. The United States did not just dominate the emerging world order, but had the opportunity to shape it by laying out its figures and establishing the international institutions that would determine its f uture. Within a few years of the Wars end, the Soviet Union and the Communist bloc emerged as the only group that could conceivably challenge this order, but only in a limited military sense.For India, the immediate concerns were different. It was to emerge from colonialism and external domination as an independent entity. It had first to fully assert its independence, in which it only got success partially as the nation itself was split into India and Pakistan addressing the region to internal conflict for decades. Indias identity and nationalism had to be developed an additional based on its own values and heritage and its territories needed to be consolidated. In addition to these concerns, a modern state had to be created almost from the beginning with all its associated institutions. (C. Raja Mohan 2003)To achieve these immediate goals, India needed a peaceful external environment, uncomplicated by the rivalries of the global power struggle. New Delhi needed to craft a policy t hat would provide it a meaningful and autonomous role in a future world, in keeping with its own size potential and aspiration. In accordance with these needs it choose a policy of non-alignment. The term itself was much misunderstood in the world, and particularly in the US. India, perhaps justifiably, never fully explained its position, leading many in the west to ask, non-aligned against what good and evil?(R.Bahukutumbi, 1996.)What Nehru opined was a policy that would enable India to take independent positions on international issues without being tied down by alliances and ideological constraints. The central theme was not to get drawn in to military entanglements with major powers. He also hoped this would open up the possibility for India to adopt a position of some leadership of the emerging world. Many practical difficulties emerged, which hindered the implementations of this policy over the years. Over time, other countries also decided to remain non-aligned. On global iss ues, non-alignment often meant aligning against the west. Overall this policy prohibited the possibility of a military relationship with any country or grouping. This policy, and differences in world view, became a major barrier to an Indo-US military relationship throughout the Cold War (Ganguly S, 1990.)Indo-US diplomatic relations go back to the presidency of George Washington when Benjamin Joy was appointed to the position of US Consul in Calcutta, the then Indian Capital in 1792. Nothing of note happened until April 1941. When Girija Shakar Bajpai was appointed the first Agent General of India in Washington DC and Thomas Wilson shifted as US Commissioner from Calcutta to New Delhi. At that time President Roosevelt understood that a successful pursuit of the war against the Axis powers required Indias willing support and cooperation. Roosevelts support for Indian independence and concern about continuing British rule had left a favourable impression on Indians (Chari PR 1999.)Ch urchills refusal to contemplate a serious change in British imperial policy compelled the Indian National Congress to launch the Quit India movement in 1942. The Congress leaders believed that only an India that was promised freedom after the war could voluntarily join the war against fascism. Instead, the British responded by locking up most senior Congress political leaders. In spite of this, Indias participation in the Second World War was remarkable by any standards. Over two and a half million soldiers, each a volunteer, fought with Allied armies in many of the major threats of the global conflict. This contribution was particularly salient in the Burma front, without which the outcome would have been considerably less certain.In addition to the roughly half-million soldiers from India and the British Commonwealth in this theatre, the Allied forces were joined by troops representing the Nationalist Chinese, many Africans and, by the wars end, some 250,000 US soldiers (Sigh 2005 .)This enormous US troop contribution was easily its largest military-to-military relationship in South Asia. US forces provided the bulk of logistics support, flew substantial numbers of air sorties across uncharted routes in unstable aircraft, and ensured that the Kuomintang forces remained in the war against Japan in China. In addition, there was also the enormous Brooklyn air conditioning plant near Kolkata, the largest in Asia at the time that stored and supplied food to all Allied forces in the East (Banerjee, D 2000.)It might have been expected that this state relations would continue after Indian independence. Instead, the Cold war intervened. India was partitioned and a separate state, Pakistan came into existence in 1947. During the Cold War, the pressure of strategic imperatives often widened the disjuncture between the hope and the reality resulting in hurtful Indo-US relations. The US support to Pakistan on the Jammu and Kashmir dispute in the United Nations in 1948-49, and initiation of military support to Pakistan in 1954, shed a binding shadow on the relationship.The United States wanted to join as many states as possible in its war against communism, often in a formal strategic relationship. India viewed the logic of American alliances as directly breaking its own interests. India was convinced that American military support had encouraged Pakistan to wage war against it in 1965. This happened again during Indo-Pak war in 1971, when the US gave warnings to India and sent the USS Enterprise of its 7th Fleet into the Bay of Bengal. The United States perceived Indias policy of non-alignment as self-righteous and considered its neutrality far from neutral, citing examples of its silence over the Soviet invasion of Hungary and Czechosloskavia in 1968 (Dasgupta 2002.)In mid 1961 India agreed to buy the MiG-21 aircraft from the Soviet Union. This was offered on such munificent terms that neither Great Britain, nor France nor the US could come up with a comparable offer even if they wanted to match it. Thus, began a long and enduring Indo-Soviet arms relationship (Ganguly S, 1990.)The very strong Indian reaction to the evolving Pakistan-US military alliance was perhaps not anticipated in Washington. In any case, by now Indias image in the US had plunged and New Delhis concerns were not a factor in US decision making. Indo-US relations remained frozen in a sate of suspended hostility until 1962. The Chinese aggression on India in Oct-Nov 1962 led to a remarkable turn around in Indo-US relations.The attack from Chinese side surprised and shocked the Indian leaders. A total of two Indian infantry divisions, or less than ten percent of the Indian combat force, faced a thoroughly prepared PLA. The Indian forces were totally unprepared, badly deployed, under-equipped and even without proper clothes. The defeat was total in terms of Indias political standing and its foreign policy. What is notable was the dramatic shift in Indian polic y and the liberal military and political support that India received from the US and the West. None of Indias non-aligned partners provided help and few showed any sympathy.Moscow actually temporarily halted the MiG program, siding instead with its socialist friend.In contrast, the US came through with substantial help. A considerably larger arms package of US $ 373 million was apparently worked out by November 1963 in Washington by Ambassador Chester Bowles and was to have been signed by President Kennedy on 26th of November, 1963. Kennedy said We should defend India, and therefore